Islamic Modernism A Multiple Modernities Perspective

Islamic Modernism in the West: A Multiple Modernities Perspective Introduction and background Modernization theory has been one of the master theoretical narratives to understand the major institutional and cultural transformation from traditional societies to modern ones. It is developed by the founders of sociology and has dominated the prevalent understanding and explanations of many social differentiation processes including differentiation, rationalization, individualization, urbanization, and secularization for a long time. Hence, sociologists believed that the consequences of modernization were unavoidable and common destinations for modern or all modernizing societies. Sociologist also expected western modernity will be a single†¦show more content†¦There are many modernities, not only one single patter of modernization. These developments forced sociologists for a paradigm shift in the dominant one-side understanding of western modernity. In this context, Islam and the discourse of western Muslim intellectuals have gradually gained visibility through the continuing migration and the growth of new generations in the western societies. Western Islam also has emerged in the hearth of modernity; yet did not follow the same patters of classical modernization trends. However, it could not escape the hegemonic influence of modernity. As a result, American (western) Islam is emerging not only as a response to the challenges (premises) of modernity but also through a ‘transformative dialectical engagement’ with the ethos of modernity, which gradually pave the path towards the rise of Islamic modernism in the west. Hence, the multiple modernities thesis serves as a more adequate theoretical approach than the prevailing modernization or secularization perspective to understand the continued importance of Islam in the western context. The Emergence of Islamic Modernism Being and living in

Personality Assessment Instrument Critique Essay - 848 Words

Personality Assessment Instrument Critique Dekitia Yolonda Ruth PSY/525 January 21, 2010 Miranda Jennings Personality Assessment Instrument Critique An individual’s personality is measured with a personality assessment instrument that encompasses theories and technique. Traditionally psychoanalytical theories provided an outline for accepting behavior that was abnormal and perceptions that prophesized the outcome for prospect behavior. Since projecting personality trait occurs, career counselors, and organizations utilize personality assessment instruments for screening potential employees for qualification. Additionally, personality assessment instruments are used in detecting personality disorders and abnormal behaviors. This†¦show more content†¦Latest dispute concerning the competence of the Rorschach with specific concerns as an assessment instrument and the sufficiency of its data has at spells slanted and distorted vital practical matters intrinsic in the learning of diverse cultures (Flanagan, 2006). Cultural procedures persist to be a central and incompetently surveyed variable in the Rorschach examinati on; an essential embryonic area of analysis is the Rorschachs scientific usefulness as a cross-cultural assessment instrument (Allen amp; Dana, 2004). Consideration of issues that are cultural expands and enhances the clinical utility of the Rorschach deliberation suggesting barely explored research schemes that may be a contribution to its purpose. The Rorschach inkblot test is debated by numerous of disbelievers describing it as a pseudoscience. Conclusions reached by as results of some studies have test administers liking the Rorschach inkblot test to cold reading (Wood, 2008). Rorschach test critics suggested questions about the removal of unbiased meaning from answers to inkblots; the impartiality of psychologists governing the test; inter-rater reliability; verifiable and common validity of the test; pathology scales bias in relation to the grander amount of response; the restricted amount of psychological situations which it precisely diagnoses; the lack ofShow MoreRelatedPersonality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique1950 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique University of phoenix PSYCH 525 Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique Myers-Briggs Indicator Type has developed to offer a part in Jung form of personality theory type; which has considered coherence in Indian life. 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Applied Marketing Research Educational App

Question: Discuss about theApplied Marketing Research for Educational App. Answer: Introduction The present study is a reflection about the marketing research task and personal experience as a member of a marketing research team. This analysis highlights key challenges faced by me in the team activity. Critical analysis is done based on two challenges faced by the team. The effectiveness of the educational app has been scrutinised in the previous research report. The reflection is based on the insight of the researcher about the research report. Educational app is progressively used among the students and universities (Ritchie et al., 2013). Along with this, maintaining a website is a key challenge during present decades. Among the several challenges, four challenges are mentioned. Two serious challenges are discussed in this study. Reflective Analysis While doing the marketing research on the educational app, which are effective for the JCUS students, the research tem faced some challenges. Challenges Description Problem of team co-ordination Different team member was assigned with different tasks. Problem of coordination was created due to physical distances among the team members. Some of the team members were not well prepared for the presentation Difficulties was created at the time of presentation of the project Pressure of multiple submission related to other assignment at the same date Preparation of all the submission with equal quality was not possible Time constraint Several research area was untouched due to time constraint Critical Analysis of Two Identified Problems Among the four problems, intensive problems faced by our team were under prepared team members. Some of the team members had less interest for betterment of the project. One of the reasons was lack of sufficient knowledge about marketing and education app. In the view of Anderson (2012), a project will be successful if a cohesive team executes it, where every team member actively participates in each activity. The project team leader divided the tasks within team members. The team member was responsible to assign tasks according to the skills. However, instead of dividing the tasks according to the skill and knowledge, tasks were assigned randomly. Hence, this phenomenon has reduced the fruitfulness of the project outcome (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). Moreover, there was lack of coordination among the team member. The team member failed to guide all the members in necessity. One of the team members was given the task of primary survey. That member has lack of effective communication skills. The data collection team had to prepare themselves. The questionnaire was not pre prepared. Therefore, interview to the JCUS students were not successful at the first round. The team conducted the second time interview with some preparation. Data collection is an important part of the marketing research (Kotler et al., 2015). Market survey tells the researcher about the consumer choice and needs (McDonald, 2016). In order to assess the use and utility of the education among to the students, feedback is required (Hirsh-Pasek et al., 2015). One of the reasons for the limitations of our marketing research is lack of proper preparation for the survey. The project presentation to the lecturer was delayed therefore. The second problem was lack of adequate time to prepare the project. The marketing research activity requires an extensive investigation about market trend. Due to lack of time, we had to complete the tasks within very short time. Hence, the team faced the problem of resource allocation. The team failed to conduct research on a large number of students. The team conducted the survey on 75 JCUS students. This sample size is too short against large number of sample size. As stated by Terpstra, Foley Sarathy (2012), the reliability of the project increases and the sample error is reduced with the increase in sample size. Furthermore, as the project has been completed within a very short span of time, quality of the project was compromised. We felt time constraint, as there was pressure from preparation of other subjects. Therefore, this project was not given sufficient time for preparing report. The problem of lack of coordination among the team member aggravated the problem of tie con straint. Personal Experience It has been a learning experience for me to be part of the project. This project has helped to acquire knowledge about different steps of a research process. Teamwork is another experience, which will help in career building. In order to carry out the market research on effectiveness of educational app, there was lots of opportunity to learn about this app. As a team member, I faced problem regarding coordinating with other team members. The most fruitful experience was to know how a good team works and how collaborative works can make up the weakness of a team member (Brinkmann, 2014). Problem has been faced when other subjects had to prepare along with this project paper. It has been a good opportunity to interview JCUS students. Time management has been learnt during this project. Each of the tasks has stipulated deadline. Technical problem has been faced at the time of data compilation. It has been realised at the time of research work that secondary research could make the research robust and the analysis strong (Bastian Harkness, 2015). However, due to time constraint, the study has been limited to the qualitative analysis. While carrying out the research, there were different views among the team member about the research techniques and results. However, the team leader has managed the conflicts and suggested to follow the guideline. It has been a learning from the research that how to manage time. First criterion before conducting a research is to know the purpose of the research (Rideout, 2014). Data collection is good experience in the fieldwork. If any member of the team can choose career of marketing executive or market manager, this experience will the member to succeed in life. It has been realised that in order to overcome the challenges faced earlier an extensive planning is required. Every team member needs to understand the duty and responsibility clearly. Furthermore, it has been learnt that market research is effective before lunching a new product into the market. Educational app is helpful to the students as well as the teachers. It improves the learning process and communication in the classroom. Conclusion The essay has discussed about the problems faced by a marketing research team. The main discussion highlighted four problems that were faced the team members. This essay analysed personal experience from the problem. The main two problems were under prepared team member for the project presentation and time constraint. This study has explained how those problems were solved and learning from this research process. References Anderson, E. (2012). Organizing the marketing function.Review of Marketing 1981, 134. Bastian, H. Harkness, L., (2015). When Peer Tutors Write about Writing: Literacy Narratives and Self Reflection.Young Scholars in Writing,1, pp.101-124.[retrieved from https://arc.lib.montana.edu/ojs/index.php/Young-Scholars-In-Writing/article/viewFile/79/41] Brinkmann, S. (2014).Interview(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J. M., Golinkoff, R. M., Gray, J. H., Robb, M. B., Kaufman, J. (2015). Putting education in educational apps lessons from the science of learning.Psychological Science in the Public Interest,16(1), 3-34.[retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/45663673/Putting_Education_in_Educational_Apps_Le20160516-853-4i62fa.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNPEAExpires=1475173456Signature=ZLbg2OkUHMzZWwUTWUxvq%2BN1cPw%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DPutting_education_in_educational_apps_le.pdf] Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., Armstrong, G. (2015).Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. McDONALD, M. A. L. C. O. L. M. (2016). 5 Strategic marketing planning.The marketing book, 86. Rideout, V. (2014). Learning at home: Families' educational media use in America.Joan Ganz Cooney Center.[retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED555586.pdf] Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Terpstra, V., Foley, J., Sarathy, R. (2012).International marketing. Naper Press.

Scarlet Letter Essays (513 words) - English-language Films

Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, delivers a powerful novel invoked with symbolism. Centered on Hester, a woman branded with a scarlet "A" as a mark for adultery, much of the Scarlet Letter's symbolism grows from the cruel, and shameful letter. The "A" symbolizes the "walking emblem of shame." (Hawthorne 6). Throughout the novel, the brand of disgust evolves around the characters influenced by Hester, including her illegitimate child Pearl. Even Pearl is subject to the shame her mother has bore, and is also shunned from the strict Puritan society. The close of the novel reveals that the symbol has given Hester strength to redeem her sin, rather then brake her spirits. The adulterous mark is almost replaced by the community as "able" due to Hester's deeds to the community. Scarlet Letter also uses nature's flowers as a way to symbolize growth in the novel. The opening chapter describes a rosebush growing by the prison. It shows how even a beautiful flower like the rose can be judged as sacrificial, with its petals near the jail. This relates to Hester, as her beautiful character is judged by sin, not by actions. Later in the novel, Chillingworth, Hester's husband, expresses to let the "black flower blossom as it may." (Hawthorne 14). This reoccurrence of the flower shows how Chillingworth accepts his tortuous soul. The flower's bloom is a direct symbol for the growth of character in Scarlet Letter. Clothing is a final source Hawthorne uses to symbolize. In chapter 7, Pearl is dressed in a red gown, with gold trim. The dress of Pearl is almost identical to the brand Hester must endure, with her scarlet brand. Chillington is dressed in black, which gives an insight into his sinister character, as revealed in chapter 14. Also, the use of bright color, like red, and gold expresses how different Hester and Pearl are viewed by the Puritan society, which mainly dresses in plain, emotionless colors. The brand of sin is reflected in all the aspects of Hester's life, which show how clothing in Scarlet Letter drastically reflects situation, and character. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter gives a tremendous impression on the reader, filled with oppression, and historical opinion of the Puritans. Unfortunately, as the novel appears to mirror reality, situations in the storyline leave the reader skeptical about the actual ability to perform these actions. Hester's sudden removal of the scarlet brand bestowed upon her seems very unrealistic, considering it took seven years to remove it so quickly, and carefree. It almost makes the symbol of the scarlet letter obsolete at the end of the chapter 18, leaving insinuation that the letter did not have as much influence as formerly expressed. The Scarlet Letter also confuses the reader during chapters after 20. The final pages of the novel give a completely different perspective. Generally focused on the main characters, during chapter 21, and 22, the market gives a more broad insight into the community. While it makes for interesting reading, the sudden change of perspective leaves the reader strayed from the main characters, like Hester, and Pearl. The Scarlet Letter is a very intriguing novel, for anyone looking to find a tale of Puritan life, and the harsh reality of the times. Overall, the Scarlet Letter delivers an exciting, and interesting view for all readers.

Nineteen Eighty Four George Orwell Essays

Nineteen Eighty Four George Orwell Essays Nineteen Eighty Four George Orwell Essay Nineteen Eighty Four George Orwell Essay Essay Topic: George orwell Nineteen Eighty-Four – George Orwell In part 1 of Nineteen Eighty-Four Orwell introduces us to the many means of control used by the Party to maintain power over the people. These tools of power are of many kinds and are extremely effective. For example some use technology, some come under the category of propaganda and some can be discussed in relation to structure of government. All these systems combine into a brutally effective machine for dominating the population, as the book’s main protagonists, Winston and Julia, discover. They discover late in the novel that the Party is utterly without human sympathy and empathy, and exercises power not to order human life according to any beneficial principal, but only to keep power. It is impossible to defeat a regime so single-minded. George Orwell’s main contention in the novel is to show that, if a completely power-driven totalitarian government ever came into power, it would stay there. It would become an irresistible and therefore permanent authoritarian government for all mankind. The Party’s effectiveness is partly due to the technology of the time which allows the party comprehensive powers of surveillance. By means of telescreens and hidden microphones across the city, the party is able to monitor its members almost all of the time. In addition there are surveillance helicopters that fly around peering into people’s windows; there is no privacy at all. With this constant observation there is no escape, â€Å"your worst enemy, he reflected, was your own nervous system. At any moment the tension inside you was liable to translate itself into some visible symptom†. The party’s use of technology makes control over the citizens brutal and extremely effective. The brutal control is also due to the constant propaganda that acts as psychological stimuli designed to overwhelm the mind’s capacity for independent thought. With the help of telescreens a constant stream of propaganda is always heard, designed to make the Party’s shortcomings seem like triumphant successes. â€Å"Big Brother is watching you†, citizens are constantly reminded with huge posters of Big Brother and slogans printed everywhere. Propaganda plays a big part in the dominating control the Party olds over Oceania. The Party also uses a method to weed out the malcontents and rebels. This helps them construct a completely controlled civilization. The party sets traps, lays bait and tempts rebels towards an organization that offers hope but tragically doesn’t exist. It gives them an illusion that there is a way to oppress the Party, but it traps them like a Venus fly trap and â€Å"vaporizes† them. So, Winston and Julia are led unknowingly into the shop of Mr Charrington who, we learn, is not a mere prole but a member of the thought police. Winton is lulled into the trap early as he buys the diary from Charrington’s shop and slowly is dragged into renting a room above it. A nostalgia for the past and a desire for privacy is what drives them and this plays directly into the hands of the Party. Another tempting trap devised by the Party is Emanuel Goldstein’s Brotherhood, which Winston and Julia both fall into. What emerges from O’Brien’s deception of Winston and Julia is the fact of the Party’s complete inhumanity. The Party expects the human desire for happiness and freedom to rise up from time to time, but, because of its commitment to power, it has found a system to cull out individuals who experience this desire and destroy them. The Party’s use of traps allows them to catch the rebels easily which in turn allows them to maintain total control. The Party’s control is complete and final. Through many systems their superior control comes with ease, hand in hand with the suppression of the human spirit and hope.

BNSF Railway Transportation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BNSF Railway Transportation - Article Example The services offered by the industry are bulk freight, intermodal services, passenger services and switching and terminal railroad services (IBISWorld, 2011). According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Transportation, freight shipments have increased from 27% of the ton-miles of U.S. freight in 1980 to 38% in 2005 (Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., 2009). This increase shows the growing significance of the role of railways in the U.S. economy. Among the cargo being shipped through the railroads, coal represents the largest proportion in terms of tons (Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., 2009). Other commodities transported by railroads include chemicals, farm products, non-metallic minerals and miscellaneous mixed shipments. Over the years, the railway industry has experienced consolidations that have reduced the number of Class I from about 40 railways to the current seven. The seven major players in the railway industry are Union Pacific Corporation (UP), Burli ngton Northern Santa Fe Corporation (BNSF), CSX Corporation, Kansas City Southern (KCS), Canadian National Railway (CN), Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) and Norfolk Southern Corporation (NS). In terms of operating revenues of the major North American railroad, the Union Pacific posted the highest revenue with $15.5 million. It is followed by BNSF with operating revenue of $14.8 million, NS with $9.4 million, CSX with $8.6 million, CN with $6.8 million, CP with $4.1 million and KCS with $0.87 million (Association of American Railroads, 2008) . Porter’s Five Forces Like any other industry, the railway industry is influenced by Porter’s five forces model which shape the strategies of companies, as shown in Figure 1 (Porter, 2008). The first force identified by Porter is the threat of new entrants. This force is the possibility of new companies entering the industry. This force is not very influential in the strategy of a company in the railway industry because of several ba rriers to entry. The barriers to entry in the railroad industry are (1) huge capital requirement needed; (2) restrictive government policy which is being regulated by the Surface Transportation Board; and (3) the availability of the infrastructure needed to compete with existing ones. In the future, it is expected that mergers will continue in the future and may even reduce the present seven companies to two transcontinental railroads because of the uncertainty of the structure of the railroad industry (IRS, 2007). Fig. 1 Porter’s Five Forces Model The second force identified by Porter is the bargaining power of suppliers. Suppliers of the railway industry include the manufacturers of tracks, railway equipment, structural metal products, freight cars, locomotives and construction companies who build the tunnels and bridges. Investors in railway companies can be considered as suppliers of the much needed financing to improve the industry. Recently, billionaire Warren Buffet in vested in BNSF by buying it for $26 billion while Microsoft’s Bill Gates now owns 10% of CN railway. Investment of these two prominent personalities says much of the future of the railway industry (North America's Corridor Coalition, Inc., 2010). To illustrate clearly, the supplier power according to Porter includes (1) charging of high prices; (2) limiting the quality of the

Describe the regulation of PFK-1 and PFK-2 and the production of Essay

Describe the regulation of PFK-1 and PFK-2 and the production of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate - Essay Example When the glucose levels are low, F-2,6-bisP is converted to F-6-P. This reaction is catalyzed by the phosphorylated form of PFK-2 called fructose bisphosphatase-2 (FBPase-2). PFK-2 and fructose bisphosphatase-2 (FBPase-2) are similar bi-functional enzymes. Phosphorylation of PFK-2 is done by protein kinase A (PKA). PKA is activated by increased levels of cAMP driven by the hormone glucagon during fasting state. The reverse reaction is catalyzed by a phosphatase, which is activated by the hormone insulin. Postprandial, there is an increased level of insulin, which is produced in response to increased glucose levels. During low glucose levels, glucagon increases the levels of cAMP in the liver cells. cAMP then activates PKA, which phosphorylates PFK-2 to form FBPase-2. FBPase-2 in turn converts F-2,6-bisP to F-6-P, this in general is inhibiting the glycolysis (Rider 562). In muscle cells too, fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, by PFK-1 using ATP. In muscle cells, PFK-1 is activated by AMP. The muscles use up ATP and convert it to AMP. Increased levels of AMP stimulate glycolysis and increases ATP production. However, increased levels of ATP inhibit PFK-1allosterically. High levels of citrate also inhibit PFK-1 in muscle cells. In liver cells the major regulators of PFK-1 are F-2,6-bisP and F-6-P, while in muscle cells, the major regulators of PFK-1 are AMP and ATP. Thus, it can be seen that PFK-1 and PFK-2 are regulated differently in liver cells and muscle